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27.03.2017 - Francisco (http://forum.fedeen.com/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=5239)
SHERIDAN, Ill. (AP) - U.S. prisons are experimenting with a high-priced monthly injection that could help addicted inmates stay off opioids after they are released, but skeptics question its effectiveness and say the manufacturer has aggressively marketed an unproven drug to corrections officials.

A single shot of Vivitrol, given in the buttocks, lasts for four weeks and eliminates the need for the daily doses common with alternatives such as methadone. But each shot costs as much as $1,000, and because the drug has a limited track record, experts do not agree on how well it works.

Proponents say Vivitrol could save money compared with the cost of locking up a drug offender - about $25,000 a year for each inmate at the Sheridan Correctional Center, 70 miles southwest of Chicago.

In this Oct. 17, 2016 photo, inmate Joshua Meador speaks about addiction at Sheridan Correctional Center in Sheridan, Ill. Meador, a recovering heroin addict, hopes to get into a Vivitrol program at Sheridan before his release in January. U.S. prisons are experimenting with the high-priced monthly injection that could help addicted inmates stay off opioids after they are released. (AP Photo/Kamil Krzaczynski)

Dr. Joshua Lee, of New York University's medical school, said more evidence is needed to determine whether the medication can help substantial numbers of people and whether it's worth paying for, but the early results are encouraging.

"It sounds good, and for some of us, it feels like the right thing to do," said Lee, a leading researcher on the treatment.

Vivitrol is emerging as the nation searches for ways to ease an opioid epidemic that affects more than 2 million Americans and an estimated 15 percent of the U.S. prison population. Many experts view prisons - where addiction's human toll can be seen most clearly - as a natural place to discover what works.

Christopher Wolf had already served prison time for nonviolent crimes when he was ordered into treatment for a heroin addiction by a judge who suggested Vivitrol. Three months later, the 36-year-old from Centerville, Ohio, is clean and working full time as a cook.

He now suggests the medication to other addicts.

"I don't have cravings," Wolf said. "I see how much better life is. It gets better really fast."

Vivitrol targets receptors in the brain's reward system, blocking the high and extinguishing urges. In some programs, prisoners get an injection before release, then follow-up shots from any clinic.

For decades, researchers have recognized addiction as a relapsing brain disease with medication an important part of therapy. But most jails and prisons reject methadone and buprenorphine, the other government-approved medications for opioid addiction, because they are habit-forming and can be abused.

Just ask Joshua Meador, 28, an inmate at Sheridan who hopes to get into the Vivitrol program before his release in January. Before incarceration, he abused both older treatment drugs. When given take-home doses of methadone for the weekend, he would sell them for heroin.

"When I'm on Vivitrol, I can't get high," he said. The drug has no street value or abuse potential.

"You couldn't design something better for the criminal justice system," said David Farabee of the University of California at Los Angeles, who leads a Vivitrol study in a New Mexico jail. "There's been pushback with other medications, people saying, 'We're just changing one drug for another.' That argument goes out the window when you're talking about a blocker" like Vivitrol.

Prison systems in Illinois, Vermont, Wyoming and Wisconsin are trying the drug on a small scale. Michigan is offering Vivitrol to parolees who commit small crimes, if addiction is the reason for their new offense. The federal Bureau of Prisons ran a field trial in Texas and plans to expand the program to the Northeast next year. The drug's manufacturer hopes prisons will be the gateway to a l

27.03.2017 - Felica (http://forum.remitent.pl/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=1186)
By Laura Benitez and Gus Trompiz

LONDON, Nov 14 (IFR) - Commodity giant Louis Dreyfus Company is expected to test investor appetite for riskier credits this week against a torrid market backdrop, courtesy of the brutal sell-off in government bonds that has followed Donald Trump's US election win.

The European bond market has been shaken in recent days, with the 10-year German Bund yield rising to its highest level since January, and participants expect execution to be more challenged.

The delicate backdrop could make things tricky for the unrated company, which concluded investor meetings last week ahead of a potential bond deal.

"The company is struggling with operating profits, their leverage is deteriorating, and there's no indication that things will get better in the near term," one investor who attended the London leg of the meetings last week said.

Investor feedback for an expected 300m five-year trade is in range of mid to high 4%, for timing as soon as this week.

"It would have to have a 5% handle on it for us to be interested. The credit is an acquired taste, it's off-index and tricky and it's more like high-yield than investment-grade," the investor said.

Louis Dreyfus's 4% December 2020 bond was bid at 401bp over mid-swaps on Monday morning, according to Tradeweb.

The difference between its four-year and five-year CDS is around 60bp-65bp, indicating that fair value on any new bond would be in the 4.60% area, according to investors, though some said they would want compensating for the extra risk.

By way of comparison, commodity peer Bunge priced a 200m tap increase of its 600m seven-year bond at a yield of 1.402% on Friday.

However, much like Glencore Finance, which priced a 1bn seven-year deal at 1.938% in September, these deals are eligible for the ECB's Corporate Sector Purchase Programme, which drives down issuer funding costs.

A lead banker on the upcoming deal said that due to the change in rates and overall market tone since Louis Dreyfus has been marketing the potential bond, timing of any transaction would be dependent on investor sentiment.

TOUGH COMMODITY TIMES

Louis Dreyfus, like its commodity trading peers, has been grappling with ample supplies, lower prices and slower economic growth after a decade-long industry boom.

The group is planning to bring in joint venture partners to bolster certain activities. Chief executive Gonzalo Ramirez Martiarena said last month that it was starting with its fertiliser business, with plans to find partners next year, after selling off the African part of the business. It is also considering selling a stake in its metals business in the second half of 2017, while its orange juice and dairy divisions have been earmarked for partnerships at a later date.

Dreyfus, part of the so-called ABCD quartet of agricultural commodity giants alongside Archer Daniels Midland, Bunge and Cargill, reported a slight rise in net profit for the first half but saw sales and underlying profit extend a decline seen in 2015.

The company, controlled by Margarita Louis-Dreyfus through the Akira family trust set up by her late husband Robert, also wants to improve its return on equity ratio for its shareholder, with a target to reach 10% as soon as possible, compared with 5.5% in the first half of this year, CEO Ramirez said last month.

BNP Paribas, Credit Agricole, Credit Suisse and HSBC are leads on the upcoming deal. (Reporting By Laura Benitez; Editing by Philip Wright and Helene Durand)

24.03.2017 - Alison (http://www.olejzkryla.com.pl/)

23.03.2017 - Mickey (http://shigaken.info/post/Par_-wskazówek-dbania-o-wygl_d-po-40-tce)

16.03.2017 - Antoine (https://clck.ru/9shRW)
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